ICE BREAKERS
• (i) Discuss with your partner and choose the correct alternative.
‘Government of the people, by the people and for the people, shall not
perish from the earth’. This famous statement is made by -
(a) Mahatma Gandhi (b) Nelson Mandela
(c) Abraham Lincoln (d) Dalai Lama
(ii) A system where the government is elected and ruled by people is
called-
(a) Bureaucracy (b) Aristocracy (c) Democracy (d) Autocracy
(iii) A democratic country is governed by, its-
(a) Military (b) Police (c) Politicians (d) Constitution
• (i) The trinity of democracy comprises three principles. Complete the
web to show the trinity of democracy.
Trinity of
Democracy
|
Fraternity |
|||
|
TRINITY OF
DEMOCRACY |
|||
|
Liberty |
Equality |
||
(ii) Match the following.
A B
1. Constitution a It is the freedom to go where you want, do what you want etc.
2. Liberty b It is the state of being equal, especially in status, rights or
opportunities.
3. Equality c It is the sense of common brotherhood.
4. Fraternity d It is an aggregate of fundamental principles or established
precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization
or other type of entity and commonly determine how that entity
is to be governed.
ANSWER= 1 --D
2--A
(iii) Pillars form a support for concrete buildings. Metaphorically speaking
a strong nation too depends on strong pillars. Discuss with your
partner and explain the pillars of a democratic nation. Make a list
of obstacles that are a threat to the progress of a nation.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar was born on 14th April 1891 in
the town and military cantonment of Mhow (now Dr. Ambedkar
nagar) in Madhya Pradesh. He got his degree from Elphinston
College, Mumbai. He subsequently obtained the doctorate from
Columbia University, USA and London School of Economics. He
was also assigned the big and challenging task of framing the
‘Constitution of India’ in the capacity of Chairman of the
Drafting Committee. He was awarded the ‘Bharat Ratna’
posthumously for his dedication and commitment for the welfare
of our country.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar has laid emphasis on the values of liberty, equality
and fraternity. According to him, these principles will make India a strong nation.
He opines that hero-worship is a sure road to degradation and to eventual
dictatorship and the collapse of a nation.
Pillars of Democracy
If we wish to maintain democracy (लोकशाही) not merely in
form, but also in fact, what must we do ? The first
thing in my judgement we must do is to hold fast to
constitutional methods (मार्ग)of achieving our social and
economic objectives.(उद्दिष्टे) When there was no way left for
constitutional methods for achieving economic and
social objectives, there was a great deal of justification (समर्थन)
for unconstitutional(घटनाबाह्य) methods. But where constitutional
methods are open, there can be no justification for
these unconstitutional methods. These methods are
nothing but the Grammar of Anarchy (a state of disorder due to
the absence of non-recognition of controlling system.)
and the sooner they are abandoned,(सोडून देणे) the better for us.
The second thing we must do is to observe the
caution which John Stuart Mill has given to all who
are interested in the maintenance of democracy,
namely, not “to lay their liberties at the feet of even
a great man, or to trust him with powers which enable
him to subvert (उलथवणे) their institutions.” There is nothing
wrong in being grateful to great men who have
rendered (contributed, made available) life-long services
to the country. But there
are limits to gratefulness. As has been well said by
the Irish Patriot(देशभक्त) Daniel O’Connel, ‘No man can be
grateful at the cost of his honour(सन्मान), no woman can be
grateful (कृद ज्ञता ) at the cost of her chastity(purity शुद्धता) and no nation can
be grateful at the cost of its liberty.’ This caution is
far more necessary in the case of India than in the
case of any other country, for in India, Bhakti or what
may be called the path of devotion or hero-worship,
plays a part in its politics unequalled(असमान) in magnitude
by the part it plays in the politics of any other country
in the world. Bhakti in religion may be a road to the
salvation of the soul(पाप मुक्ती -आत्म्याची ). But in politics, Bhakti or hero-
worship is a sure road to degradation (अवनति-cause
something to become worse in quality ) and to eventual
dictatorship(हुकुमशाही) On the 26th of January 1950, we are
going to enter into a life of contradictions(विरोधाभास) . In politics
we will have equality and in social and economic life
we will have inequality. In Politics we will be
recognizing the principle of ‘one man one vote’ and
‘one vote one value’. In our social and economic life,
we shall, by reason of our social and economic
structure, continue to deny the principle of one man
one value. How long shall we continue to live this
life of contradictions ? How long shall we continue
to deny equality in our social and economic life ? If
we continue to deny it for long, we will do so only
by putting our political democracy in peril( धोका danger ).
We must remove this contradiction at the earliest possible
moment or else those who suffer from inequality will
blow up the structure of political democracy which
this Assembly has so laboriously (कष्टाने) built up.
The second thing we are wanting in is recognition
of the principle of fraternity( बंधुत्व). What does fraternity
mean? Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood
of all Indians—if Indians being one people. It is the
principle which gives unity and solidarity to social
life. It is a difficult thing to achieve. How difficult it
is, can be realized from the story related by James
Bryce in his volume on American Commonwealth
about the United States of America. The story is—I
propose to recount(कथन करणे) it in the words of Bryce himself—
that—
“Some years ago the American Protestant (बंडखोर)
Episcopal Church was occupied at its triennial (300 th anniversary )
convention(परिषद) in revising its liturgy(पूजा rites prescribed for public worship ).
It was thought desirable to
introduce among the short sentence prayers a prayer
for the whole people, and an eminent New England
divine(दैवी) proposed the words ‘O Lord. bless our nation.’
Accepted one afternoon on the spur of the moment,
the sentence was brought up next day for
reconsideration, when so many objections were raised
by the laity (members of a religious community) to the word ‘nation’ as
importing(सूचित करणे) too
definite a recognition of national unity, that it was
dropped, and instead there were adopted the words ‘O
Lord, bless these United States’.”
There was so little solidarity(एकता) in the U.S.A. at the
time when this incident occurred that the people of
America did not think that they were a nation. If the
people of the United States could not feel that they
were a nation, how difficult it is for Indians to think
that they are a nation. I remember the days when
politically-minded Indians resented(न आवडणे) the expression
” the people of India “They preferred(मान्य) the expression The
Indian nation.” “I am of opinion that in believing that
we are a nation, we are cherishing (बाळगणे) a great delusion( a mistaken
idea or opinion.(सभ्रम )
How can people divided into several thousands of
castes be a nation ? The sooner we realize that we
are not as yet a nation in the social and psychological
sense of the word, the better for us. For then only we
shall realize the necessity of becoming a nation and
seriously think of ways and means of realizing the
goal. The realization of this goal is going to be very
difficult—far more difficult than it has been in the
United States. The United States has no caste problem.
In India there are castes. The castes are anti-national.
(: the prefix ‘anti’ in anti-national expresses opposition to
something. Find some other words starting with ‘anti’ like anti-social,)
In the first place because they bring about separation
in social life. They are anti-national also because they
generate jealousy and antipathy(वैर ) between caste and
creed(संप्रदाय , वंश). But we must overcome all these difficulties if
we wish to become a nation in reality. For fraternity
can be a fact only when there is a nation. Without
fraternity, equality and liberty will be no deeper than
coats of paint.(मुलामा ,रंगाचे थर)
-Dr. B. R. Ambedkar
BRAINSTORMING
(A1) (i) Form groups and use the following topics for discussion. Take the help of
your college library and your teacher.
• Need for democracy
• Features of the Constitution of India
• Freedom of speech
• Dictatorship Vs Democracy
• Qualities of an ideal politician
• Equality before law
(ii) State whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false
statements.
(a) There is nothing wrong in being grateful to great men. ✔
(b) Hero-worship leads to dictatorship. ✔
(c) Liberty cannot be divorced from equality. ✔
(d) One man one vote and one vote one value. ✔
(e) Fraternity means common sense. ✖
(iii) In his speech, Dr. B. R. Ambedkar has expressed his deep concern over
the absence of two things in the then Indian society. Discuss with your
partner and complete the web.
Absence of two
things in the then Indian Society 👇
|
equality- social and economical |
|
|
fraternity- principal of giving unity and
solidarity |
|
(A2) (i) Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar has cited the quotes by John Stuart Mill and
Daniel O’Connel. Go through the lesson and write down 4 to 5 lines for
each of them.
(ii) Discuss with your partner and make a list of steps that you feel are
essential to unite the people of different castes, race, religions and languages
in India.
(iii) Write your views/opinions in brief on the following topics.
(a) We must always cast our vote.
(b) Liberty, equality and fraternity lead to an ideal nation.
(c) Steps to be taken to eradicate inequality.
(d) Role of youth in creating social awareness.
|
sr.no |
word |
Type |
Synonyms |
Antonyms |
||
|
1 |
observe |
verb |
notice,
discern, detect, mark |
overlook ,
ignore, |
||
|
2 |
abandoned |
adjective |
left ,
forsaken |
adopted |
||
|
3 |
grateful |
adjective |
indebted |
ungreatful |
||
|
4 |
initiative |
noun |
leadership |
lethargy |
||
|
5 |
peril |
noun |
danger ,
destruction |
sefty ,
security |
||
|
6 |
separation |
noun |
break |
unity ,
attachment |
||
(ii) Homograph : Homograph is a word spelt and pronounced like another word
but with a different meaning.
For example: the word ‘fast’ has two meanings. The different meanings are-
fast- hold firmly
fast- to abstain from food
fast- opposite of slow.
Go through the text again and make a list of meanings of all the
homographs that are found in the text. Also make a list of such words
that you know, heard or read somewhere.
ANSWER -=GOAL POWER ,LEFT ,
FLY , RIGHT , MATCH
(A4) (i) Go through the statement taken from the text – ‘The social democracy
means a way of life which recognises liberty, equality and fraternity’.
The underlined part of the statement provides us some fact/information about
social democracy. The remaining part or the sentence which is not underlined
can be converted into a wh-question.
What does social democracy mean?
Now go through the underlined part of the statements/sentences given below
and change them into questions by using the appropriate Wh-forms.
(a) In Politics we will be recognizing the principle of ‘one man one vote’ and
‘one vote one value’.
-=WHICH PRINCIPLES will be recognizing the principle ?
(b) The politically minded Indians preferred the expression ‘the Indian nation’.
= WHICH expression did the politically minded Indians prefer ?
(c) Fraternity means a sense of common brotherhood of all Indians.
=What is mean by fraternity ?
Prepositions:
Prepositions are words governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun
and expressing a relation to another word or element. These words express
relationships in space and time, as well as other more abstract relationships:
cause, purpose, possession, exception and many others.
(Prepositions are difficult to use correctly: a small number of words cover
a very wide range of concrete and abstract meanings, and the difference
between them are not always very clear or systematic. Also, one language
does not always use the ‘same’ preposition as another to express a
particular meaning.) Ref : Oxford English Grammar
Let’s learn some examples.
• It (‘at’) is often used to talk about ‘where’ something happens – place, area,
spot, site, etc.
• I met Hemant at the college library.
• Students decided to gather at the cricket stadium.
‘at’ is often used with words for things people do, or places where they do
them.
• We decided to exchange learning material at the Good Luck restaurant.
• I gave the talk at New English Junior College.
‘at’ is used with the names of small places and not with big places.
• Raju rented a house at Shivajinagar in Pune.
(Raju rented a house in Pune and not at Pune)
‘at’ to tell the exact time.
• My college starts at 7.30 a.m.
• The guests will reach the auditorium at 6'Oclock.
‘at’ is used to say at Diwali, at Christmas, at Holi etc.
In – We use ‘in’ with the names of big cities, weeks, seasons, months, years and
centuries, in the morning, afternoon, evening (but at night), inside something.
• I woke up early in the morning.
• Trekking mountaineering and adventure camps are always organised in the
summer.
• Sujata kept the keys in her purse.
On – It is used to specify days and dates, indicate a device or machine (phone or
computer), part of body, state of something and express a surface of something.• Students of our college wear white uniform on Saturdays.
• Rakesh is always on the phone.
• He hit the ball on his left toe.
• The joker of the circus was wearing a big hat on his head.
Now go through all the texts again and make a list of various prepositions,
write their definition and make sentences of your own. Here are some
prepositions that will definitely be brainstorming for you.
• in, into, inside
• on, onto, above, over
• beside, besides
• for, from, since
• to, towards
• down, below, under, beneath, underneath
• between, among, amongst (And the list goes on ……..)
(A5) How to prepare a speech.
With the help of the steps given above write speech on the following topics.
• Duties of an ideal citizen • Equality: A blessing
• Merits of democracy • Freedom of speech
• Advantages of education • Unity in Diversity
(A6) There are many career opportunities that can be availed of by a graduate.
Discuss and make a list of various opportunities available in the legal field,
economics, management, commerce, administration etc.
(A7) Project:
Visit your college library or search the internet at least five speeches of
different renowned personalities of the world. Write the speeches in your
notebook and submit them to your teacher.
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